Here is a link to previous Interludes in our walk though history with Mr. Horne.
Walter Farmer, Director, Wiesbaden Collecting Point
In his book, The Safekeepers: Memoir of the Arts at the End of World War II (2000), Walter Ings Farmer writes that “The story of the Offenbach Archival Depot has never received the attention given to restoration of monuments … Nevertheless an account of MFA&A activities in the Frankfurt area would be incomplete without a description of the rescue of the literary and scriptural treasures that the Nazis had looted with the same nefarious purposes they applied to art collections. … Looting of libraries became as integral to the Nazis plan for cultural domination as the looting of art collections.”
1933 Berlin Book Burning
He describes how Nazi actions escalated from the 1930s public burnings of the authors they wanted to discredit to “a program of search and seizure among the libraries and archives of the nations that they sought to conquer. … These activities established a pattern which resulted in the eventual accumulation in Germany of storehouses full of other nation’s libraries.”
Millions of books would be accumulated, along with a stunning amount of other cultural and religious items collected from across Europe. Farmer writes of being introduced to Offenbach by “his boss” Captain James Rorimer in the fall of 1945.
James Rorimer
“He took me with him to inspect an abandoned warehouse within the I.G. Farben plant at Offenbach,” remembers Farmer. “This building was under consideration to become to repository primarily for Jewish libraries, archives and the Torahs.” Prior to the warehouse in Offenbach being established as a collecting point, library collections were being stored at the Rothschild Library in Frankfurt. Over time it was clear that infrastructure at the Rothschild Library was inadequate.
Based on his and others assessment of the situation, librarian and MFA&A officer Lt. Leslie Poste suggested that detailed cataloging of the items be stopped at Rothschild and that operations be relocated across the river to the I.G. Farben plant, the site of a five-story, reinforced concrete loft building.
Seymour Pomrenze (center)
Pomrenze put into place necessary administrative, transportation, cataloging and storage systems enabling the depot to operate much more effectively. Professional conservation and preservation labs, a photographic studio and other needed infrastructure was created. His successor, Captain Isaac Bencowitz, refined a system for photographing ex-libris and library markings found in books.
Isaac Bencowitz
The resulting cataloging system would significantly increase staff ability to identify and sort items, identifying country of origin and other markers of ownership . In the end Bencowitz and his team would complete “two volumes with reproductions of library markings belonging to 4,105 libraries of individuals and institutions in Western and Eastern Europe …
… and two volumes with more than 1,300 bookplates or ex-libris, including 1,200 German-Jewish, German-Masonic and probably German non-Jewish plates as well as over 100 mostly Dutch-Jewish bookplates.” (F. J. Hoogewoud)
As requests were submitted by individuals, families and nation states seeking missing items, MFA&A staff were able to use the catalogs to help them search through the millions of books and cultural items that would eventually be stored at Offenbach.
Bencowitz, during his tenure as director, used photography to document the operations of the depot and its staff and volunteers.
Staffing the depot was a mix of U.S. military, Allied and civilian personnel, as well as German civilians, and scholars from around the world. In October 1946, Bencowitz received orders for redeployment. The imminent nature of his departure and shifting priorities in the region for policy and decision-making made selecting a new director difficult. As an “emergency measure,” archivist Major Lester K. Born and his assistant, Joseph A. Horne, were sent to Offenbach for temporary duty. Born was to develop an interim plan for continued operation of the depot, a plan that Mr. Horne was to implement. In short, a plan was finally developed and by January 1947, Horne became the third director of the Offenbach Archival Depot.
Exactly what Horne was doing prior to assuming his new role remains opaque without futher research. Archival records show him often assisting MFA&A colleagues like Gordon Gilkey, Leslie Post, Lester Born and Paul Vanderbilt with the acquisition of information about available artwork and cultural items. His fluency in German, facility with “dead languages,” appreciation and knowledge of the arts, and photographic skills would have made him invaluable in the field. He produced numerous reports about his trips across Germany about what he was seeing and hearing from locals. People were often very open with him. Following is an excerpt from a field report after visiting libraries in over a dozen landkreise or rural districts:
By 1947, relations with the Russians had deteriorated significantly, adversely affecting the restitution of items to individuals and institutions in Russian-controlled territories, and the exchange of items between the Russian Zone and other Allied Zones. With plans well underway to revitalize German economy and culture (including denazification), military and intelligence priorities shifted to stopping the Russians. And so Horne like many within the MFA&A unit followed orders as high level officials made clear that those in the U.S. intelligence sector had full access to depot materials and freedom to act as they deemed necessary.
In February 1947, one month after Horne became director of Offenbach, Lucy Schildkret arrived. She would later write, “his friends called him Tony. Before the war, he’d been on the staff of the Library of Congress’s photographic division. Transferred from the MFA&A in Berlin, he was then new to the Depot, having taken over his duties barely two weeks before my visit. About thirty, very tall, thin, lanky, and blond, he was the only American there. He was in charge of a staff of some forty Germans.”
In her memoir, From That Place and Time, Lucy Schildkret describes her encounter with Horne as she works to sort, identify and return the YIVO library of Vilna, Poland. The Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO) was founded in 1925 for the scientific study of Jewish life. Headquartered in Vilna, the institute had branches around the world including the United States. At the start of the war its headquarters were transferred to New York City.
In late 1945, when the YIVO library was identified as being in Frankfurt, visiting Jewish scholar, Prof. Koppel S. Pinson sought permission from the YIVO leadership in New York to distribute, like a lending library, some of the unidentifiable books to Jews living in the Displacement Camps. It would take time but he would be granted such authority.
A year later, Lucy Schildkret would also be granted authority to work with the books.
The complexities of sorting, identifying and returning books at the scale demanded of the Offenbach Archival Depot become clearer when reading through the declassified documents relating to what happened with just the YIVO library. For instance, YIVO like many libraries of its size and mission had been the repository of family libraries. Books at Offenbach were being identified by ex-libris and other markings as belonging to individuals and/or their families but they had in fact been donated to YIVO (or other institutions) by family members. There are numerous letters between YIVO administrators with U.S. military officials trying to prove the ownership of items.
Though correspondence about the YIVO library begins in 1945, by early 1947 the vast library had yet to be shipped to YIVO in New York. The reasons include continual reduction in manpower, both skilled and unskilled, at the depot and complex, bureaucratic chains of command within the U.S. military, between the Allied zones and even within the YIVO organization. In a March 1947 document, Horne reports to his superiors that Miss Schildkret has been unable to examine several hundred thousand unidentified books because she had yet to receive authorization.
Vilna Library During German Occupation, in the files of the Offenbach Archival Depot
In 1938, Lucy Schildkret had studied in Vilna and worked at the YIVO. Prior to the war, she would return to the U.S. and work as assistant to the research director at the YIVO headquarters in New York. In 1946 she journeyed to Europe as an educational worker with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJDC), the largest Jewish relief organization in America. Through this organization she was able to work with displaced persons in the camps. With her skills in Yiddish and time at YIVO, she was able to discern that books that had been labeled as unidentifiable were indeed identifiable. But even as she acquired the authority to help identify the YIVO library, she maintained her focus of serving the people housed in the displacement camps, and she would do so with a tenacity that would characterize her career for decades to come.
Schildkret responds two weeks later with a letter that concludes:
Her memoir presents a powerful account of the emotions stirred by working with the contents of the library from a place that she had called home and knowing what had happened to the people she’d called friends as the Nazis destroyed the city.
Eventually, with the combined effort of many individuals in several countries, over 90,000 items would be returned to the YIVO. Seymour Pomrenze who had been pivotal in streamlining systems at the depot would be brought back to help shepherd the return of these items. In 1998, Pomrenze shared his personal reminiscences of his experience with the Offenbach Archival Depot and the depot’s considerable achievements restituting and distributing millions of Nazi-looted materials including the YIVO library.
Mr. Horne, the person with whom we are taking this walk through history, would wrap up his tenure at Offenbach in 1948 though files show that he continued to support depot activities until its closure. In the Cold War world, he would, strangely enough, continue to work with books and even return to his earlier interests in music and photography as he embarked upon a new journey. One world war had ended. A new type of world war had begun. A new weapon in that war was the exchange of culture and what better place to share all that made up culture — from art to music to literature — than in a library.
More to follow …
Sources and Additional Readings
Cultural Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR)
What Became of the Jewish Books? (New Yorker, February 2014)
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum — Offenbach Archival Depot
Pomrenze Personal Reminiscence about Offenbach
Mapping the Offenbach Archival Depot
Returning Looted European Library Collections
YIVO Digital Archive on Jewish Life in Poland
From That Place and Time: A Memoir, 1938-1947 by Lucy S. Davidowicz and Professor Nancy Sinkoff
1939 Photo of Lucy Schildkret in Vilna
Words + Images 